Ukubulawa
Ihipnosisi (ngesiNgesi: Hypnosis) yisimo sokucabanga esitholakala ngokuvumelana phakathi komuntu oyisihloko kanye nomuntu oyisazi, lapho isihloko sithola ukukhetha kokulalela imiyalelo ethile ngokuzikhandla. Lesi simo sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukudonswa" noma "ukulalela ngokujulile," kepha asikho isimo sokulala. Kunalokho, isihloko sihlala siphephile, sizwela konke, futhi singakwazi ukuphikisana noma ukuyeka isehlakalo noma nini. Ihipnosisi isetshenziswa ezinkambisweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ezokwelapha, ezemfundo, kanye nokuzijabulisa.
Incazelo
Ihipnosisi iyindlela yokuxhumana yengqondo lapho umuntu oqeqeshiwe (i-hypnotist) esiza isihloko ukuthi sifinyelele esimweni sokuzindla okujulile nokuvulekile. Kulesi simo, ingqondo isebenza ngendlela ecwasiwe, ivuleleke ekwamukeleni izimpawu, imibono, noma imiyalelo ethile ngaphandle kokucabanga okuningi noma ukuphikisa. Ukukholwa nokuzimisela kwesihloku kuyinto ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwehipnosisi. Akukho muntu ongadonswa ngaphandle kwemvume yawo noma ngaphandle kokuthi avumele.
Izimpawu ezivamile zesihloko esihlala esimweni sehipnosisi zifaka phakathi ukuthula okukhulu, ukulalela imiyalelo kalula, ukukhumbula okunamandla, nokubona noma ukuzwa izinto ezingekho ngempela (ukubona okungelona iqiniso) ngenxa yemiyalelo. Isihloko sivame ukukhumbula konke okwenzekile ngesikhathi sehipnosisi, ngaphandle uma kunikezwe umyalo wokuzikhohlwa.
Umlando
Umlando wehipnosisi uqala emandulo, lapho izinsizwa zamaGrikhi zasendulo zazisebenzisa amathongo nendlela yokuzindla ekwelapheni. Kodwa-ke, igama elithi "hypnosis" laqanjwa ngudokotela waseScotland uJames Braid ngonyaka we-1843. Wacabanga ukuthi isimo sokulalela sasibangelwa "ukukhandwa kwamehlo," kodwa kamuva wakushintsha umbono wakhe washo ukuthi kuyisimo sokucabanga.
Kulo Mzansi Afrika, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezifana nehipnosisi kuyinto yakudala. Izangoma nezinyanga zasendulo zazisebenzisa ukucula, ukushaya izigubhu, ukusebenzisa amakhubalo, nezinye izindlela zokudonsa ingqondo ukuze zilaphe izifo zengqondo noma zomzimba. Le ndlela yokwelapha yayihlobene neqiniso lokuthi umuntu uyisidalwa esiphelele, okungukuthi umzimba nengqondo kuyinto eyodwa. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwakuhlanganisa zonke lezi zinto.
Ukufika kwezifundo zaseNtshonalanga zehipnosisi eNingizimu Afrika kwaqala ngamaphimbo ambalwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20. Kwakungabafundi bezempilo ababebhekene nokulapha izinkinga zengqondo. Namuhla, ihipnosisi iyatholakala njengendlela yokwelapha eyamukelekile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganweni zokwelapha ngezengqondo.
Izinhlobo
Ihipnosisi ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningi, kepha ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika yilezi:
- I-Hypnotherapy: Ukusetshenziswa kwehipnosisi ekwelapheni izifo zengqondo, izimpawu zomzimba, nokunqanda izikhuba ezimbi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusiza abantu ukuyeka ukubhema, ukuncipha isisindo, ukulwa nokukhathazeka, nokwelapha izimo ezinjengo-PTSD. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-South African Society of Clinical Hypnosis (SASCH) ziqeqesha abelaphi ngale ndlela.
- I-Ericksonian Hypnosis: Indlela kaMilton H. Erickson, owayeyisazi sezengqondo, lapho kusetshenziswa izindaba, izaga, noma amaphuzu acashile ukuze kufinyelele engqondweni engaqondile. Lendlela iyathandwa ngoba ayisebenzisi imiyalelo eqondile.
- Ukudonswa Kwangaleso Sikhathi (Stage Hypnosis): Ukusetshenziswa kwehipnosisi emidlalweni yokuzijabulisa. Kulokhu, abadlali badonswa ukuze benze izinto eziwumdlalo noma zamahala phambi kwesibukeli. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lesi sihloko asenzi lutho angafuni ukukwenza, futhi umdlali akakwazi ukwenziwa isilima.
- Ukuzidonsa (Self-Hypnosis): Umfundiso wokufundisa umuntu ukuthi adonse yedwa ngaphandle kosizo lomunye umuntu. Kuyindlela evamile yokulwa nengcindezi noma ukuzilungiselela umdlalo noma ukuhlolwa.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi
Ucwaningo lwesayensi seluveza izimpawu eziningi zokuthi ihipnosisi iyini noma ayikho. Ama-Scan we-brain (fMRI) abonise ukuthi ngesikhathi sehipnosisi, izingxenye ezithile zobuchopho zisebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Kubonakala sengathi i-hipnosisi ishintsha indlela umuntu azwa ngayo izimpawu noma amandla okuzibona.
Ezweni lonke, ihipnosisi iyawanelwa njengendlela yokwelapha ngamanye amaqembu amakhulu ezempilo. ENingizimu Afrika, ucwaningo oluningi lwenziwa ezikhungweni ezifana ne-University of Cape Town kanye ne-University of the Witwatersrand mayelana nokusebenza kwayo ekulweni nokukhathazeka, ubuhlungu, kanye nokwelapha izinkinga zokulala. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi i-hypnotherapy ingaba nomthelela omuhle ekunciphiseni ubuhlungu ngaphambi nangemva kokuhlinzwa.
Ukusetshenziswa
Izindlela zokusetshenziswa kwehipnosisi eNingizimu Afrika ziyahlukahluka:
- Ezokwelapha: Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-hypnotherapy isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwelapheni izifo zengqondo nokunqamula imikhuba. Kunezindawo ezifana ne-JHB Hypnosis Centre eGoli kanye namaqembu aseKapa asebenzisa le ndlela.
- Ezokuthuthukisa Umuntu: Ukusiza abantu ukuthi bakwazi ukuzijabulisa, bathole ithemba, noma baqhubekisele phambili impilo yabo ngokwengqondo.
- Ezemfundo: Ukusiza abafundi ukuthi bakwazi ukugxila kangcono, banciphise ukwesaba ukuhlolwa, futhi bakhumbule kangcono.
- Ezemthetho: Kunezimo lapho ihipnosisi isetshenziswa khona ukusiza izimpawu zobufakazi noma ukusiza abasolwa ukuthi bakhumbule izinto ezibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, lobufakazi abuvamile futhi budinga ukubhekwa ngokucophelela enkantolo.
- Ukubuyela emuva ngokubulawa: Leli yindlela yokudonsa lapho isihloko sibuyiselwa emuva ezinkumbulweni zasendulo, ngokwezifundo zangaphandle, ukuze kutholakale impendulo yezifo zamanje. Kunesidingo sokucabanga ngalesi senzo. Funda kabanzi ngalapha: ukubuyela emuva ngokubulawa.
Isimo sezomthetho eNingizimu Afrika
ENingizimu Afrika, ihipnosisi ayinayo imithetho eyodwa eyayivele ikhona. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekwelapheni kuhambisana nemithetho yezempilo. Umuntu ofuna ukusebenza njenge-hypnotherapist kumele abe nesiqu sesifundo sezempilo, okungaba udokotela, umhlengikazi, isazi sezengqondo (psychologist), noma isazi sokuziphilisa (counsellor). Izinhlangano ezifana ne-Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) zibheka ukuthi izinto zokwelapha ziyafaneleka yini.
Ukudonswa kwangaleso sikhathi (stage hypnosis) kuvumelekile, kepha kumele kwenziwe ngendlela ehlonipha isithunzi somdlali. Umuntu odonsayo akakwazi ukwenziwa izinto ezingahloniphi noma ezingafanele. Uma kukhona umonakalo owenzeka, umdlali angafaka isicelo sokukhokhiswa.
Izimo zamasiko
Izinkolelo ngehipnosisi eNingizimu Afrika ziyahlukahluka ngokwamasiko. Abantu abaningi baseNtshonalanga bayayibuka njengendlela yokwelapha esekelwe esayenseni. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izinkambiso zamasiko, izinto ezifana nokudonswa zingabhekwa ngamehlo ahlukile. Kwezinye izindlu, ukusebenzisa ingqondo ngale ndlela kungabhekwa njengento ehambisana namandla amabi noma ukuthakatha. Ngakho-ke, ukubeka izinto kucaca nokuhlonipha izinkolelo zabantu kuyinto ebalulekile kakhulu.
Kukhona futhi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezifundo zaseNtshonalanga nezindlela zendabuko. Ezinye izangoma ziyasebenzisa izindlela zokudonsa ingqondo ezifana nezazo ukuze zithole imithombo yezifo, kepha zisebenzisa amagama nezindlela zamasiko. Loku kubonisa ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu iyafana, noma iyiphi indlela esetshenziswayo.
Abasebenzisi abadumile baseNingizimu Afrika
- uDr. David Patient: Owaziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe we-HIV/AIDS advocacy, wayesebenzisa ne-hypnotherapy ekusizeni abagulayo ukuthi bagcine isimo esihle sengqondo.
- uMegan Harrington-Johnson: I-Clinical Psychologist eGoli esebenzisa ihipnosisi ekwelapheni abantu abanesifo sengqondo, ikakhulukazi izingane.
- uJames Key: I-hypnotherapist edume kakhulu eThekwini, osebenze kakhulu ekusizeni abantu ukuyeka ukubhema nokunciphisa isisindo.
- Abanye Izangoma Nezinyanga: Nakuba bengabizi ngegama le-hipnosisi, izinsizwa eziningi zendabuko ezinjengoMntwana Mlangeni (igama eliyisibonelo) zisebenzisa amandla okucula nokuzindla ukuze zidonse isimo sengqondo sokwelapha, okungafaniswa nentando yokuzidonsa.